Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay

The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay In this part I will exhibit that the real model alone isn't adequate for continuation of personality, by depicting the restrictions of worthy physical change. In any case, I will likewise show that some type of physical continuation is vital, for example, a people hereditary make-up. Some realist logicians, (for example, Eric Olsen) have guaranteed that the physical body is the seat of the personality. This view asserts that up to one keeps a similar body for an amazing duration, they are ensured to keep up their one of a kind character. This methodology makes recognizing selves understood and straightforward, as we can distinguish the specific spatio-worldly area of every self, just as the beginnings and finishes of selves. Along these lines, for instance, in the event that somebody perpetrates a wrongdoing, we can without much of a stretch set up whether they are liable or not by proof such a fingerprints and witness declaration. For whatever length of time that their body carried out the wrongdoing, we can rebuff them for it. Reactions, especially considering change after some time There is a great deal of resistance to the view that our character ought to be constrained to simply the physical body. This position is in opposition to most religions, which see our unimportant spirits as characteristic for our personalities. The strict origination of a spirit will in general resemble that of awareness, and a few religions, for example, Judeo-Christian religions, guarantee that this piece of us keeps on living on after the physical body has kicked the bucket. (As Parfitt calls attention to,) The real measure would just consider a second life as a physical revival or rebirth. We surely ought not excuse the position just in light of the fact that it is contrary with well known religions, however. There are additionally cursing reactions of the real rule for character, in any case. Our bodies are continually evolving developing, shedding or recovering cells, and so forth. So what amount of our body must remain the equivalent with the end goal for us to be classed as a similar individual we were quite a long while back? For instance, a well known relationship was given which portrays the rationalist John Lockes most loved pair of socks, which develop openings in from being worn so frequently. As the openings create, Locke fixes them with patches. Be that as it may, sooner or later of fixing his socks, none of the first material remains, and they are just an interwoven of new bits of material (Where is this from?). The first discussion, of which Lockes model was a variety, is that of the Ship of Theseus, which has its pieces supplanted each in turn, as vital (Plutarch, p?). Numerous individuals accept that, eventually, the Ship of Theseus loses such a large number of its unique pieces and stops to be a similar boat that Theseus had come back from Crete in. Also, many accept that Lockes most loved pair of socks stop to exist when none of the first yarns are available. Be that as it may, in the event that we are to compare character with the bodys cells, this position claims we should build up another way of life as our substantial cells change during our lifetime. This is a peculiar situation to hold, as there would be no discernible change in our appearance or demeanor Potential answers for reactions, and the achievement of these arrangements Yet, not every person concurs this is the situation. Numerous individuals accept that the continuous change associated with the past models guarantees that they hold their previous personality. On account of Lockes socks, the agreement will in general be that the subsequent pair of socks are in reality equivalent to his preferred pair of socks, as this is the manner in which we talk about things which have been fixed. Thus, the continuous difference in the Ship of Theseus guarantees it holds its personality. As this relates to the body, it proposes that, regardless of every one of our cells being recovered at regular intervals, this doesn't repress us from continuing as before individual. This implies the steady difference in our bodys cells falls inside the satisfactory furthest reaches of progress, evidently sparing the substantial measure for personality. Thomas Hobbes offered another variety upon this subject, whereby the boats boards ere supplanted with aluminum (Hobbes, p.135?). The pieces expelled from the boat were then reassembled to shape an imitation boat. However, in this model, we are increasingly disposed to express that the copy transport which has been amassed from the first pieces is a similar boat of Theseus, while the aluminum substitution is an imitation. This is maybe in light of the fact that a significant piece of the hypothesis of substantial progression is that it requires we keep up basically the equivalent hereditary structure. This makes the idea of real progression profoundly bolstered by technical studies, which will in general view us as organic animals represented by the physical responses which happen inside our minds. An aftereffect of this is, while our bodies could be impeccably yet totally imitated in a metallic structure, these robots would come up short on our hereditary code and would in this manner be a reproduction, instead of ourselves. Hereditary determinism takes this position further, and guarantees that what our identity is completely needy upon our hereditary qualities. Hereditary determinists propose that a clone and his unique would have precisely the same characters. The impact of hereditary qualities upon ones character has been examined by investigations of monozygotic (indistinguishable) twins, who are hereditarily indistinguishable. While investigations of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have recently recommended that up to half of our character is hereditary (ref?), most twins will in general be brought up in comparable conditions, making it hard to isolate the impacts of nature and sustain. Be that as it may, investigations of monozygotic twins who have been raised independently demonstrate that solitary 20 to 25% of our character is hereditary in nature (Ewen, p. 73). So we have set up that the steady recovery of our phones during our lives falls inside the domains of adequate change, though being supplanted with a non-human body (for instance, a metal one) doesn't. So where precisely are the limits for transforms we regard to be adequate? What amount of our body would we be able to lose without losing our personality? Bernard Williams portrays the physical range, where a people body is supplanted steadily. He guarantees that this model is dependent upon the store Catch 22. Similarly expelling a grain from a store doesn't prevent it from being a pile, it appears that each change is too little to even consider changing our personality. However before the finish of it the people body has been supplanted with that of Napoleons. In this model, Williams portrays the physical changes which happen to the subject of this analysis, however not the mental impacts. While his body has been supplanted with that of Napoleons, he may well despite everything keep up no different character attributes and recollections we partner with his unique self. While this is an extremely extreme model, it has down to earth suggestions. On the off chance that a specific measure of our body is required to remain the equivalent for us to continue as before individual, this brings up issues about amputees and individuals who experience broad plastic medical procedure. For instance, imagine a scenario in which a man had his arms cut away, and afterward his legs. Would he despite everything be a similar man he was preceding these tasks? While he may now need huge numbers of the aptitudes he had previously, it appears to be out of line to guarantee he isn't a similar man. Imagine a scenario where he was some way or another decreased to just his head, however. Some case that it isn't the entire body which is required for progression of oneself, however a little piece of it: the cerebrum. This complaint was raised by Sydney Shoemaker, who depicts a psychological study with respect to Brown and Robinson. Earthy colored experiences a mind transplant, and his cerebrum is put in the assemblage of Robinson. At the point when Robinsons body rises and shines, it remembers everything of Browns life, carries on like Brown, has indistinguishable convictions from Brown, and even embraces all the characteristics his family have come to connect with him. It appears that Brown and Robinsons family similar must concur that Robinsons body is presently home to Browns personality. While this is an exceptionally extraordinary case, it shows that the body alone is neither an adequate nor vital condition for the progression. Eric Olson, be that as it may, safeguards the real standard against this analysis, seeing the individual just as a natural life form. He guarantees that people can withstand total mental change and continue as before as long as they are alive for. I can't help contradicting this position, nonetheless. I can't help thinking that in the event that you evacuate a people character, characteristics, recollections, auras, and so on, you have expelled that people very personality. I can't help suspecting that in thinking about the person as a human creature, Olson misrepresents the issue of character. It is anything but difficult to state that the individual despite everything exists regardless of this update of their psychological life, yet it is extremely hard to validate the case that their own personality has not been at all influenced by this. R. B. Ewen, Personality, a topical methodology: speculations, research, significant debates and developing discoveries, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc Publishers, New Jersey, 1998. T. Hobbes and W. Moleworth, Elements of Philosophy, vol. 4 of The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, London, J. Bohn. J. Locke? H. Noonan, Personal Identity, E. Olsen, The Human Animal: Personal Identity Without Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Plutarch, Lives, J. Langhorne and W. Langhorne (eds), Harpers and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1859. B. Williams

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Free Essays on My First Semester Of College

My First Semester of College The main semester of school for a youngster or ladies can be a great advance in their life. For my situation it was. It was the first occasion when that I had been away from my home in Ft. Walton Beach, Florida. I was not really frightened to be off, however I was a little stressed over the progress from the skate free methods of secondary school that I was extremely used to. The homework was by all account not the only thing that was at the forefront of my thoughts as I advanced into the school environment; I was likewise contemplating getting things done all alone and planning my time totally without anyone else. At the point when the primary seven day stretch of classes began I was as yet stressed, to some degree, of the progression I would need to make concerning the nature of work that I would need to do so as to go with not too bad evaluations. In secondary school I had made dawdling a gigantic piece of my life; notwithstanding, it didn't influence me to an extreme. I saw rapidly that the propensity I had created in secondary school would need to stop quickly or I would wind up back in Ft. Walton in the blink of an eye by any stretch of the imagination. Subsequently my seeing didn't assist too well since I kept on tarrying all through the semester and wound up in profound voids that were very distressing. English paper after English paper I would be up the prior night until three toward the beginning of the day attempting to complete it. In the event that I just had begun it daily or two prior as opposed to putting it off I would have spared myself a ton of stress. Not exclusively did the homework influence my life, however my own life was influenced also. My better half and I had been dating for close to 12 months before I advanced toward school. Despite the fact that it was just an hour contrast between us, my better half and I experienced a great deal of difficulty changing in accordance with the time separated. Before I had left her and I had just invested next to no energy separated from one another. Other than homework taking up a major part of my time, the... Free Essays on My First Semester Of College Free Essays on My First Semester Of College My First Semester of College The principal semester of school for a youngster or ladies can be a stupendous advance in their life. For my situation it was. It was the first occasion when that I had been away from my home in Ft. Walton Beach, Florida. I was not really frightened to be off, yet I was a little stressed over the progress from the skate free methods of secondary school that I was exceptionally used to. The homework was by all account not the only thing that was at the forefront of my thoughts as I advanced into the school air; I was likewise contemplating getting things done all alone and planning my time totally without anyone else. At the point when the principal seven day stretch of classes began I was as yet stressed, to some degree, of the progression I would need to make concerning the nature of work that I would need to do so as to go with nice evaluations. In secondary school I had made lingering a tremendous piece of my life; in any case, it didn't influence me to an extreme. I saw rapidly that the propensity I had created in secondary school would need to stop promptly or I would wind up back in Ft. Walton in a matter of moments by any means. Thusly my seeing didn't assist too well since I kept on stalling all through the semester and wound up in profound voids that were very unpleasant. English paper after English paper I would be up the prior night until three in the first part of the day attempting to complete it. In the event that I just had begun it daily or two prior as opposed to putting it off I would have spared myself a great deal of pressure. Not exclusively did the homework influence my life, yet my own life was influenced too. My better half and I had been dating for close to 12 months before I advanced toward school. Despite the fact that it was just an hour distinction between us, my sweetheart and I experienced a great deal of difficulty changing in accordance with the time separated. Before I had left her and I had just invested almost no energy separated from one another. Other than homework taking up a major segment of my time, the...

Friday, August 14, 2020

Benefits Of V-Formation Flying For Commercial Aviation Assignment

Benefits Of V-Formation Flying For Commercial Aviation Assignment Benefits Of V-Formation Flying For Commercial Aviation â€" Assignment Example > Introduction Many aircraft and birds capitalize on the advantages of V-formation flying in terms of reducing the level of drag. These gains of V-formation flight makes it a lucrative idea for every instance where flight effectiveness is needed. Commercial airlines are currently trying to identify means of organizing aircraft to trail in V-formation as they move across the world. The cost of energy or fuel saved by the reduction in drag force alone is multiple. There are also other benefits derived from V-formation by the commercial aviation industry. This paper analyzes several benefits that commercial aviation can derive from V-formation flight. V-formation flying is common to migrating birds. Several researchers have always asked themselves why birds fly in v-formation. A current study by Portugal et al. (2014) on ibises reveals that ibises carefully position their wings and sync their flapping seemingly to catch up with the preceding birds. The results indicate that birds are m ore complicated than often believed. Birds react in a sophisticated manner to uphold their V-formations. According to the scientist, V-formation can also be incorporated in commercial aviation (Cattivelli and Sayed, 2011). A study by Ning et al. (2011) reveals that flying birds often move in a V formation. Such birds position themselves and time their flapping so faultlessly. According to the aerodynamic hypothesis, birds minimize their energy use when they move in a V-formation. In V-formation, birds have to monitor closely subtle changes in the wings of other birds in the flight and stroke accordingly. There are two main reasons why birds move in a V-formation. The first reason is that V-formation makes flight easier for them; they also fly in V-formation to catch-up with their leaders (Ning et al. , 2011). A study by Voelkl et al. (2015) reveals that through V-formation, Squadrons of aircraft can save fuel a great deal, most scientists deduces that most birds are flying in V-fo rmation save their energy. Different models that view flapping birds to be fixed aircraft guesstimate that birds save their energy by drafting off one another. Although, currents formed by aircraft are steadier than the swinging eddies from birds (Waldron, 2014). The project to introduce the endangered bald ibises to Europe illustrates V-formation. Researchers utilized Microsoft aircraft to illustrate how the birds migrated from their ancestral home in Australia to Italy. The GPS appliance identified the flight of every bird to be within thirty centimeters. The accelerometer indicated the timing of wings beat (Portugal et al. , 2014). Just as estimated by aerodynamic, flying birds often position themselves and fly to the side and behind the bird in front. They time their flapping to catch-up with the front eddies. From the study, when the birds flew behind the other bird, they timed their wing beatings to lower the impact of downdraft originating from the front bird. Flying birds attempt to do more to save their energy. The findings of the study can also apply to other birds such as geese, pelicans, and Storks (Voelkl et al. , 2015). Consequently, from the study by Waldron (2014), smaller birds generate more intricate wakes making drafting very tricky. The study estimated that bird saves between twenty percent to thirty percent energy while moving in V-formation. Scientist fails to understand how birds find this aerodynamic idea. However, they suspect that the birds align themselves by sensing their currents or by sight. Alternatively, birds may also fly around until they locate a place with low resistance. It is interesting to learn how the birds identify who sets the pace and how the leader's mistake can lead to the commotion in the flight (Ning et al. , 2011).

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Emily Dickinson - Continuing Enigma

Known for:  inventive poetry, mostly published after her deathOccupation:  poetDates:  December 10, 1830 - May 15, 1886Also known as:  Emily Elizabeth Dickinson, E.D Emily Dickinson, whose odd and inventive poems helped to initiate modern poetry, is a continuing enigma.   Only ten of her poems were published in her lifetime. We know of her work only because her sister and two of her long-time friends brought them to public attention. Most of the poems we have were written in just six years, between 1858 and 1864. She bound them into small volumes she called fascicles, and forty of these were found in her room at her death. She also shared poems with friends in letters. From the few drafts of letters that were not destroyed, at her instruction, when she died, its apparent that she worked on each letter as a piece of artwork in itself, often picking phrases that shed used years before. Sometimes she changed little, sometimes she changed a lot. Its hard to even tell for sure what a poem by Dickinson really is, because she changed and edited and reworked so many, writing them differently to different correspondents. Emily Dickinson Biography Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. Her father and mother were both what we would today call distant. Her brother, Austin, was bossy but ineffective; her sister, Lavinia, never married, and lived with Emily and was protective of the much shyer Emily. Emily at School While signs of her introspective and introverted nature were apparent early, she traveled from home to attend Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, an institution of higher education founded by Mary Lyons. Lyons was a pioneer in womens education, and envisioned Mount Holyoke as training young women for active roles in life. She saw that many women could be trained as missionary teachers, especially to bring the Christian message to American Indians. A religious crisis seems to have been behind young Emilys decision to leave Mount Holyoke after a year, as she found herself unable to fully accept the religious orientation of those at the school. But beyond religious differences, Emily also apparently found the social life at Mount Holyoke difficult. Withdrawn Into Writing Emily Dickinson returned home to Amherst. She traveled a few times after that -- once, notably, to Washington, DC, with her father during a term he served in the U.S. Congress. But gradually, she withdrew into her writing and her home, and became reclusive. She began to wear dresses exclusively in white. In her later years, she did not leave her homes property, living in her home and garden. Her writing did include letters to many friends, and while she became more eccentric about visitors and correspondence as she aged, she had many visitors: women like Helen Hunt Jackson, a popular writer of the time, among them. She shared letters with friends and family, even those who lived nearby and could visit easily. Emily Dickinsons Relationships From the evidence, Emily Dickinson fell in love with several men over time, though apparently never even considered marriage. Her close friend, Susan Huntington, later married Emilys brother Austin, and Susan and Austin Dickinson moved to a home next door. Emily and Susan exchanged ardent and passionate letters over many years; scholars are divided today on the nature of the relationship. (Some say that the passionate language between women was simply an acceptable norm between friends in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; others find evidence that the Emily/Susan friendship was a lesbian relationship. I find the evidence ambiguous at best.) Mabel Loomis Todd, a descendent of John and Priscilla Alden of Plymouth colony, moved to Amherst in 1881 when her astronomer husband, David Peck Todd, was appointed to the faculty of Amherst College. Mabel was twenty-five at the time. Both the Todds became friends of Austin and Susan -- in fact, Austin and Mabel had an affair. Through Susan and Austin, Mabel met Lavinia and Emily. Met Emily is not exactly the right description: they never met face-to-face. Mabel Todd read and was impressed by some of Emilys poems, read to her by Susan. Later, Mabel and Emily exchanged some letters, and Emily occasionally invited Mabel to play music for her while Emily observed out of sight. When Emily died in 1886, Lavinia invited Todd to attempt to edit and publish the poems Lavinia had discovered in manuscript form. A Young Contributor and Her Friend The story of Emily Dickinsons poems, with their interesting relationship to womens history, is highlighted by the most fertile period of Emily Dickinsons writing, the early 1860s. A key character in this story is better known in American history for his support of abolition, woman suffrage, and transcendentalist religion: Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Hes also known in history as the commander of a regiment of black troops in the American Civil War; for this accomplishment he proudly used the title Colonel Higginson to the end of his life. He was the minister at the wedding of Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, at which he read their statement renouncing any strictures that the law placed on the woman when she married, and stating why Stone would keep her last name rather than assuming Blackwells. Higginson was part of the American literary Renaissance known as the Transcendentalist movement. He was already an recognized writer when he published in 1862, in The Atlantic Monthly, a short notice titled Letter to a Young Contributor. In this notice, he solicited young men and women to submit their work, adding, every editor is always hungering and thirsting after novelties. Higginson told the story later (in The Atlantic Monthly, after her death), that on April 16, 1862, he picked up a letter at the post office. Opening it, he found a handwriting so peculiar that it seemed as if the writer might have taken her first lessons by studying the famous fossil bird-tracks in the museum of that college town. It began with these words: Are you too deeply occupied to say if my verse is alive? With that letter began a decades-long correspondence that ended only at her death. Higginson, in their long friendship (they seem only to have met in person once or twice, it was mostly by mail), urged her not to publish her poetry. Why? He doesnt say, at least not clearly. My own guess? He expected that her poems would be considered too odd by the general public to be accepted as she wrote them. And he also concluded that she would not be amenable to the changes that he thought necessary to make the poems acceptable. Fortunately for literary history, the story doesnt end there. Editing Emily After Emily Dickinson died, her sister, Lavinia, contacted two friends of Emilys when she discovered the forty fascicles in Emilys rooms: Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. First Todd began to work on the editing; then Higginson joined her, persuaded by Lavinia. Together, they reworked the poems for publication. Over some years, they published three volumes of Emily Dickinsons poems. The extensive editing changes they made regularized Emilys odd spellings, word usage, and especially punctuation. Emily Dickinson was, for instance, very fond of dashes. Yet the Todd/Higginson volumes have included few of them. Todd was sole editor of the third volume of poems, but kept to the editing principles theyd worked out together. Higginson and Todd were likely correct in their judgment, that the public could not accept the poems as they were. The daughter of Austin and Susan Dickinson, Martha Dickinson Bianchi, published her own edition of Emily Dickinsons poems in 1914. It remained until the 1950s, when Thomas Johnson un-edited Dickinsons poetry, for the general public to experience her poems more as shed written them, and as her correspondents had received them. He compared versions in the fascicles, in her many remaining letters, and published his own edition of 1,775 poems. He also edited and published a volume of Dickinson letters, themselves literary gems. More recently, William Shurr has edited a volume of new poems, by gleaning poetic and prose fragments from Dickinsons letters. Today, scholars still discuss and argue over the paradoxes and ambiguities of Dickinsons life and work. Her work is now included in the humanities education of most American students. Her place in the history of American literature is secure, even if the enigma of her life is still mysterious.. Family Father: Edward Dickinson (treasurer of Amherst College, state legislator, U.S. Congressman)Mother: Emily NorcrossTwo siblings: William Austin 1829-1895, Lavinia 1833-1899 Education Amherst Academy (seven years)Mount Holyoke Female Seminary  (one year)

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Traditional american family Free Essays

Best One of the chief social problems afflicting this country Is the breakdown In the traditional family (Kennedy 501). We live in the country where we have all different kinds of families, but the traditional family is the strongest one. We need to fight for the traditional family today because it would make a better life for us and our children. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional american family or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traditional family Is based on a strong foundation, good values and family traditions. First, every family should build their life on the strong foundation. What is the strong foundation for the family? The best foundation for the good family is found In the Bible. God’s plan for the family system Is the best. First, we need to show appreciation every day for each other. Romans 12:10 says, â€Å"Be kindly affectionate one to another with brotherly love; in honor preferring one another. â€Å"Second, we must express our admiration, love, and respect for our family members. Romans 13:7 says, â€Å"Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute Is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear: honor to whom honor (The Bible 1009). Hat Is traditional family? The traditional family is made up of a father, mother and a couple of children. Anything other than this ideal is a deviation from the normalcy of values. According to this point of view, the family Is a basic unit of society that serves the purposes of socializing the young, regulating sexual activity, procreation, providing physical care for family members, givin g psychological support and emotional security to individuals (Bullock 1). A family is not a collection of individuals who happen to live at the same address. They are people who share an intimate and complex connection with one another, being related by marriage, birth or adoption. Together they form meeting larger and more significant than the contribution of one person. Two people, a man and a woman, locked together by love and lifelong relationship. Furthermore, the situation our nation’s families are facing is dire, but there Is hope. When the family returns to the original blueprint that God designed, we will begin to see America strengthened. The family can change the nation in one generation if they will follow God’s Word. What is a family today? What challenges does being a member of a family present while traditional family structures change? Every family has to struggle to balance the demands of work and children. Also, the relationship between each spouse can become more delicate and complicated. Now we can see that the traditional family is stronger and the relationship between husband and wife (if they based on the Bible) are also much stronger and almost Impossible to break It. Therefore, If we will not fight for the traditional family, we will have distraction Inside the family and In our society. Leers look what we have with a breakdown of the American traditional family. Here is some statistics. Currently, 27 percent of family households with minors present are headed by single parents. Over two million fathers are the primary caregivers of children, marking a 62 percent surge since 1990. More than 50 percent of minors will live In a single parent household at some point (Cotton 1). This should be no surprise when one considers the fact that one third of infants are born to unmarried parents. Single motherhood same period. This is not all. The divorce rate is half the marriage rate, which has a tremendous impact on children. Each year one million of them witness their parents legally separate. Further down the line, these kids have a better than even chance of being in a steamily. One out of 25 children will reside with neither parent (1). More children than ever before are enrolled in various state operated foster care programs. Grandparents increasingly find themselves as parents once again; nearly two and a half million are primary caregivers to related minors. That is our sad reality, but we can change that if we work hard in ours families. In addition, family values are very important in traditional family. Members of the traditional families have physical and emotional support whenever they need it. It is a big benefit for the spouses, their children or even grandparents. Children learn how to build a strong traditional family through observing their parents and by following their life examples. Having strong, well defined family values, helps solidify the foundation for a strong family. Strong and consistent family values are important in building trust and confidence in each family member. What is the some of the values of traditional families that keep family strong? It is very important that each member of the family feel that they are loved, that they belong and that they matter. Each person should be allowed the space and freedom to explore the activities that they enjoy. People are more willing to take chances if they know they have a safe place to come back. Just spending time together as a family is what helps build that sense of belonging. Another big value is respect. Respecting each other is to take feelings, thoughts, needs, and preferences in to account when making decisions. It also means acknowledging and valuing everyone’s thoughts, feelings and contributions to the family as a whole. Respect is a very important family value. Respect will extend out of the home and into school, work or other social settings. Honesty -? is the value of any strong relationships. Honesty between mother- daughter, husband-wife, and sister-brother is critical. Without honesty, a deeper connection will not form and certainly won’t last. Encourage honesty by practicing understanding and respect when someone tells you of their wrong doings. Another value is forgiveness. Forgiveness is a choice. Forgiving people who did wrong is an important choice to make. In the loving and respectful family, forgiveness should be an easy choice. People need to forgive, so they could be forgiving. Communication is another important value. When people feel they can talk openly about anything – popes, dreams, fears, successes or failures – all without Judgment, it’s encouraging and strengthens the bond (Kruger 1). That’s why it is so important not only communicate, but also be a good listener. We can see many bad accidents happening around the world, especially lately with all the shootings at the schools. Maybe some of them could be prevented if the kids who were shooting had a strong traditional family with open communications. Almost everyone involved in these tragedies was from broken or divorced families. Next, a good traditional family has good traditions that they have passed from enervation to generation. Why it is so important to have family traditions? We all came from different backgrounds and countries, but it is very important to have and keep traditions of our families. Traditions make a family unique, they draw people important traditions is family dinners. Over the last 15 years, a large number of scientific studies have confirmed what parents have known intuitively for a long time. Sitting down to a family meal is good for the spirit, the brain, and the body. Recent studies link regular family dinners (5 or more meals a week) with a host of teenage behaviors that parents pray for: lower rates of substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and depression, as well as higher grade-point averages and self-esteem (Fishes 1). Dinner conversation is a great booster of vocabulary for young children, and stories told around the table about parents and grandparents help to build self-esteem and resilience. Having family meals also lower the rates of obesity and eating disorders in children. Family dinners is the time to talk and listen. It is one time a day when the whole family is together and they can talk about their day, problems, and future Lana. Lastly, the breakdown of the traditional family and longer life expectancy means two million in their upper ass will face their old age alone. A report warns us that two million over-ass will face loneliness in their old age because of the breakdown of traditional families. Study predicts one in ten over-ass, will live solitary lives by 2033 (Groves 1). Longer life expectancy, the breakdown of extended families and the growing number of older people living alone is making it harder for older people to sustain strong relationships and connections to community life. Let’s summarize hat is the benefits of traditional family. Children raised in a family with the same parents during their growing years have a higher likelihood of having stability in their relationship and emotional bonding. Children that grow up in a single-parent household have higher chances of feeling a sense of loss regarding the absent parent, and miss out on the emotional support that only a father and mother can provide. With both the father and the mother, children get a better sense of what is acceptable and unacceptable, as far as behavior is concerned. Children get a sense insistence, especially when it also includes closeness with other members of the family such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins. Children in the traditional family get far more extensive training in life skills. Their mothers usually teach their children relationship skills, like emotional response skills and how to have smooth relations with others, while fathers teach their children handiwork skills and sports skills. With two parents sharing the responsibility of raising the children, it enables one parent to take time to pursue other interests or get a rest while the there parent plays or works with the children. Children that are raised in a traditional family also tend to take on some of the sharing of the responsibilities, such as older siblings taking care of younger siblings. The breakdown of the American traditional family is a serious problem today, but we need to fight for traditional family. First of all, people need to have a strong family relationship based on the strong foundation-?Bible. We need to respect and love our spouses. By doing that, our children would have a strong example to build their strong families. In addition, is it very important to have good family values. People and children who have good families values will also respect and honor people outside their family, at school, work, and in the community. Families need to have a good communication at home and be a good listeners. Having good family traditions, talking, listening, sharing, dreaming, and laughing. It is so important for children to see a good example from their parents about how they treat each other and their own parents. Good traditional family is the healthiest family. Children who have two parents are less likely to get in trouble. They are better students and helpers. Also, elderly people are less likely to be lonely at the end of their life if they been raised and lived in traditional families. How to cite Traditional american family, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Communication and Information Management

Question: Discuss about theCommunication and Information Management. Answer: Introduction The memorandum that will cause retrenchment of workers due to shortages that the company is experiencing is as follows. Dear programmers I would have wished to continue working with you but the current conditions and the uncertainty of the software development department has been compromised. There will be no more working as starting from tomorrow because the company is undergoing through financials constraints. The resources available are only enough to maintain the managers like me in the head of software operations. I will inform you later in case there is vacancies for the former team members, yours sincerely, Felix software engineer at Tablet Company. The core objective of initiating polite communication because the budget cannot accommodate the employees is to inform or to persuade a person to leave the job without hurting the feelings and emotions. I would make a written statement warning the employees of their intended removal from the company prior the due date of being fire d. The Chicago branch is located in the central business district where the office is located of the city. At view park Hotel in Chicago make a right run after crossing the roundabout to branch towards the Monrovia street. Turn on your left and I assure you Dr. Daniel that you will see a billboard that advertises the venue of seminar. Communication is the process of interpreting the information and the meaning among the people working in n environment. This process is conducted with the help of symbols and signs hence the gestures are also utilized in an efficient way. The memorandum that will cause retrenchment of workers die to shortages that the company is experiencing is as follows. Dear programmers I would have wished to continue working with you but the current conditions and the uncertainty of the software development department has been compromised. There will be no more working as starting from tomorrow because the company is undergoing through financials constraints. The resources available are only enough to maintain the managers like me in the head of software operations. I will inform you later in case there is vacancies for the former team members Yours sincerely, Felix software engineer at Tablet Company. The core objective of initiating polite communication because the budget cannot accommodate the employees is to inform or to persuade a person to leave the job without hurting the feelings and emotions. I would make a written statement warning the employees of their intended removal. The company prior the due date of being fired.do ascertain activity or to engage in business where it is seemed that the individual be convinced by the message Development of group morale is very important aspect in the organization and this is only facilities by providing sufficient information that will be adopted by planners and in strategic management of the group. The email has been criticed because it has some content that are not informative in a way that they stars the conversation by, Sorry to bother you. This is unsuitable method of initiating conversation over the email because the person being addressed is aware of the fact athat the job is to be undertaken. The alternatves that could be used are such as: Dear sir this is to inform you pertaining to the job you have been assigned that there are specific requiremensts and amendments needed, Kindly submit the solution and the work on time. The alternative of pharaisng the email in formal way such as revision of work undertaked is more appliocable. The email conversaiton criticims is untimely because most ogf the workers do not check their inbox texts. This issue could be sloved by using the telephone converstion to replace the email that only result to junk in the client device. Social media has been detriment al and a big problem in organisations,the wide usage of he platform is altering the communicaiton between organisations given that people re always glued on theeri devices . The non verbal communicaiotn is the reason why people in the working environment have become reluctant ato tair their grievances and talk with communities and individula. Thomas said that Opinions and ideas relayed by use of social media platform by teenagers (Richard, 1999, p.455) The sender of the message in business is the manager or the higher hierarchy person who issues instruction s to the receiver the junior staff. The subordinates can be the recipient of the information which may be instructions or order delivery. Alex said that corporate governance and strategic management among the entities in management field where everyone knows what their coworkers have on their plate (Erick, 2007, p.3345). Communicating and sharing the same goals in case where the company works to develop strong bonds with each other. The unity is enhanced and visions of the entity spread to each and every one by keeping in touch with the customer base. The channels and media used in this process may be blogging for one to connect with the customers and reaching them in their geographical location. The message is supposed to be concise and straight t the point for quick response and feedback to be obtained. Feedback is where the open environment facilitates talking comfortably with each other by expressing the ideas through many directions. The feedback is important to the employees in regarding to how the company instituted policies and procedures are working. When the customers feel that they are listened to and attention is paid to them the reputation of the business will grow and generation of more profit. The informal communicaiton is usein grapevines where peoole interact with the formal system to accommodate their social and phyycological needs. Richard argues that elevating the attitudes of employers in the companies by human resources management (Sarah, 1999, p.677). The factors that hinder communication include the deversity in skills which affect the todayss environmenrt and this greatly affects oness success. The barriers to intercultural communicaion include the stereotyps etnocentrism , personal spce requirement and the interpretaiton of time. There is need to improve the employees relationship by learning how to read the body language to better enhance undersanding what those around you are portraying or saying even when they are silent. Cooperation will show itelsef in increased areas where productivityis experienced throughout the company. Gilbert said that Communication process in the organization dealing with training and induction of employees (Thomas, 2001, p.234) Global intelligence is required to enhance success by encompassing the intellectual capacityof indivisuals in theperspective of knowledge, motivaiton, and adaptability of the behavious. The aspect of telecommuting reduces the time spent bofore communicaiotn reaches the raret and thus increading eh work flexibility Works Cited Gilbert, K. (2001). Communication process in the organization dealing with training and induction of employees, New York: Herman press. Thomas, H. (2003). Opinions and ideas relayed by use of social media platform by teenagers. Sydney: Austria press. Richard, J. (1999). Elevating the attitudes of employers in the companies by human resource management . Journal of efficient transformation in the organizations. 34. 233-454. Alex, C. (2007). Corporate governance and strategic management among the entities in management field, Hungary: Austria press. Source: The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher (2011, May)

Friday, March 27, 2020

The Effects of Global Warming on Rain Forests Essay Example

The Effects of Global Warming on Rain Forests Paper Contents of Paper Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans since the late 1 9th century and its projected continuation. It has affected many parts of our world, most known and some unknown. One area of Earth that has been affected in particular is the rainforests. Although the effects of global warming can seem immeasurable, because humans and forests alike have been blamed for current conditions, global warming is causing plants and vegetation to grow at alarming rates, animals in the rainforests to go extinct, and ultimately it will cause changes in human life. There is no doubt that the tropical rainforests of the world are in danger. Every hour approximately six species of life in our tropical rainforests are strayed. Experts agree that the number one cause of extinction in the tropical rainforests is due to the destruction of the tropical rainforests environment (as cited in Pants (2012). Some scientists believe that the effects of gl obal warming are not easily measurable. According to (Kerry, 2008) we cannot accurately measure the effects of global warming on the rainforests. Kerry (2007) writes, One reason is the complexity of the system, in which land surface processes are tightly coupled to the atmospheric hydrodynamics. Another reason is that the climate has a highly regional hereafter, and the adjacent Andean topography is so steep it cannot be resolved properly. (Para. 2). Although measurements may not be accurate, it is a known fact that we have seen some dramatic changes in the worlds tropical forests. Since global warming causes higher temperatures in our atmosphere, it affects all life on earth. Higher temperatures in rainforests cause plants and trees photosynthesis rates to decline. As a result, this causes stunted plant growth and reduces the forests capacity to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, (Ignition, 2003, Para 5) and carbon dioxide is he most serious agent of global warming (Reuters, 2004). According to Reuters, (2004) studies suggest, Carbon Dioxide levels have risen by 30 percent in the past 200 years. This is due to emissions from automobiles and forest burning (Para. 6). We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Global Warming on Rain Forests specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Global Warming on Rain Forests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Global Warming on Rain Forests specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research also shows that the Tropical Rainforests itself contributes to global warming. According to (Ignition, 2003) because of deforestation, large amounts of CO, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide is released into the atmosphere from freshly cut, decomposing, or burnt trees. Also, live trees release a substantial amount of water vapor. This moisture contributes irately to the greenhouse gases. Research from (Reuters, 2004), shows that, the growth of large trees in the Amazonian rainforests have accelerated over the past novo decades while the growth of smaller ones has slowed. For example, an independent study that was conducted (Reuters, 2004), 18 undisturbed plots in the heart of the Brazilian Amazon were monitored since the asses. Of 115 tree genera, they found that two became significantly more common and 14 became significantly rarer over the 1 5 years of the study. The winners tended to be tall, relatively fast-growing canopy trees, while the users tended to be slower-growing trees that live their whole lives in the dim depths of the forest below the canopy No past anomalies in rainfall Were found that might explain this pattern of change. A second, independent set of study plots nearby showed similar changes (Para. 12). It seems there is a cloud of death that lives among the plant and animal life in rainforests. As a result there is an increasing competition for light, water, and nutrients in the soil. Because oftenest changes, places like the Amazon Rainforests are at risk of being lost much sooner than they ever should. Recently, there have also been numerous animals that have gone extinct in our rainforests. Because of global warming, forests are experiencing warmer climates, which means that animals whose population would thinness be controlled by the colder climates are flourishing. Species that have adapted to the cold depend on mountaintops for shelter. When climate and humans alike ravish their homes, they now have nowhere to go. Additionally, the extinction of tropical species can be attributed to global warming. For example, (Greeters, 2011) list the Golden Toad, the Madeira Large White Butterfly, and the Java Tiger s being extinct currently due to global warming and its affects. Animals in the rain forest are not the only species that are affected by global warming. There are other animals that live in different ecosystems that are in danger of becoming extinct due to these effects. There are far too many to name, but here are a few: Canadian polar Bear; South American Sea Turtles; American North Atlantic Whale; Chinese Giant Panda; Indonesian Orange-tan; African Elephants; and Indian Tigers. (Worldwide Endangered Animal List, 2012) Not only will global warming affect the animals and plants of the rain forest, but unmans will be affected as well. Millions of plants and animals help humans to understand and treat a lot Of disease and ailments that are exclusive to humans. By losing our rain forests to global warming and human activities, humans lose things like maple syrup, peanuts, coffee, strawberries, chocolate, trout, honey, and many, many, more things that are an expected norm for humans. All living creatures, especially humans, will gain more pollen and grass weed which causes allergies, fire hazards which threaten our homes and communities, rising water levels, and a treasure trove of other great and rebel things that can occur. Global warming has many causes and many effects. Although animals and plants dont have the mental capacity to worry about things such as global warming, it is something that humans should be concerned about. Humans contribute to deforestation, and green house gases everyday. The temperature in our atmosphere has risen and is causing the death of forests ATA much higher and alarming rate. This destructive pattern that has been started will eventually compromise the very air that we breathe. Humans have the capacity to learn, understand, and ultimately make changes that will benefit all life on earth.

Friday, March 6, 2020

History of popular culture Essays - Parades, Mardi Gras, Carnival

History of popular culture Essays - Parades, Mardi Gras, Carnival History of popular culture 'Functions of festivals in Early Modern Europe...' University level Essay History of Popular Culture 'What were the functions of popular festivals, etc. in Early Modern Europe? And why did the authorities, civil and ecclesiastical seek to control or suppress them?' In Early Modern Europe festivals were the setting for heroes and their stories, to be celebrated by the populace. They posed a change from their everyday life. In those days people lived in remembrance of one festival and in expectance of the next. Different kinds of festivals were celebrated in different ways. There were festivals that marked an individual occasion and weren't part of the festival calendar, like family festivals such as weddings and christenings. Some took place at the same time every year and were for everyone, like community festivals like the different saints' days. Pilgrimages took place all year round. Annuals festivals like Christmas and Midsummer always took place on the same day every year. In those days the average village in Western Europe celebrated at least 17 festivals annually, not counting family occasions and saints' days. Some festivals, such as Carnival, lasted several days or sometimes even several weeks. In the Netherlands Carnival started every year at the 11th of November (St. Martin) and culminated in a big festival of 'Dranck, pleijsier ende vrouwen' (Drink, fun and women) at the end of the Carnival period, preceding the period of Lent. Festivals were meant to take the minds of the people off their everyday life , off the hard times and their work. Everyday life in Early Modern Europe was filled with rituals, both religious and secular. Songs and stories played an important role in their lives, although they sometimes adjusted the details of the legends and stories to fit the way they thought a certain festival should take place. Popular culture was mixed with ecclesiastical culture in many ways. The story of St. John the Baptist is a good example of this. The ancient ritual of bathing and lighting fires during Midsummer's Eve was a remnant of a ritual from the pre-Christian period. Fire and water, symbols of purification, could be seen as the tools of St. John the Baptist, and therefore a combination of the two elements of popular and ecclesiastical culture was obvious. It looks as if the Medieval Church took over the festival and made it theirs. The same thing happened to the Midwinter Festival, which became linked with the birth of Christ, on 25 December. There are many more examples to be found, such as the connection between St. Martin and geese caused by the fact that the St. Martins Day (11 November) coincided with the period during which the people used to kill their geese in the period preceding the Christian period. Carnival plays a special role in popular culture in Early Modern Europe. It is a great example of a festival of images and texts. It was a popular festival, taking on different forms in different regions of Europe. Aside from regional variations, these differences were also caused by factors such as the climate, the political situation and the economical situation in an area. On a whole Carnival started in late December or early January and reached its peak upon approaching Lent. The actual feast, taking place at the end of the festive period, could take days and would usually involve large quantities of food and drinks. The festival took place in the open air in the centre of a town or city. Within a region, the way Carnival was celebrated varied from town to town. The festival was a play, with the streets as a stage and the people as actors and spectators. They often depicted everyday life scenes and made fun of them. Informal events took place throughout the Carnival period. There was massive eating and drinking, as a way of 'stocking up' for Lent. People sang and danced in the streets, using the special songs of Carnival, and people wore masks and fancy-dress. There was verbal aggression, insults were exchanged and satirical verses were sung. More formally structures events were concentrated in the last days of the Carnival period. These events took places in the central squares and were often organised by clubs or fraternities. The main theme during Carnival was usually 'The World Upside Down'. Situations got turned around. It was an enactment of the world turned upside down. Men dressed up as women, women dressed up as men, the rich traded places with the poor, etc. There was physical reversal: people standing on their heads, horses going

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Police Brutality. Is it increasing Is the Media Making It more then it Research Paper

Police Brutality. Is it increasing Is the Media Making It more then it is - Research Paper Example Several injuries and deaths have been recorded by the use of police powers in the form of chemical sprays, restraints, electro shock, dogs, and guns etc. More over a term â€Å"POLICE BRUTALITY† is best used to explain the above mentioned acts. It can be defined more precisely as: â€Å"Police brutality is the ill or irresponsible use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially in the form of verbal attacks and psychological threatening by a police officer or police† (Dudley, 1991) The term â€Å"Police brutality† was coined 1st time in 1893 in THE NEW YORK TIMES, described an incident of beating of a civilian by a police officer. Modern police system was based on the developments in 17th and 18th century in France (Dudley, 1991) Brutality cases’ were seemed to be raised with labor strikes, such as â€Å"steel strike 1919†, â€Å"Great Railroad Strike 1877†, â€Å"Pullman Strike 1894† etc. (Rofleff, 1999). It is important to note that, it is understood that police brutality targets people, belonging to a less effective, powerless groups like (poor, disabled etc.). Police brutality has its root in many countries. Police brutality includes acts like (Racial Profiling, political repression, sexual abuse, false arrest etc.). In Indonesia, police targets Islamic extremists; they are either killed or captured. On august 30th 2010, police officers in Central Sulawesi province opened fire into a crowd of people which was claiming and protesting against the local man’s death, 34 people were injured and 5 killed (Rofleff, 1999). In People’s Republic of China, several â€Å"police harassment cases† have been reported by foreign journalists. In Russia, it is claimed by the Human Rights activists that â€Å"tortured techniques are used by police to gather false or wrong information from the arresters etc. There are mainly two reasons, 1st is concerned with individual’s acts (psychologica l state) and 2nd is dealt with the system and organizational practices of the police departments. Police brutality is greatly concerned with the approach one individual has, that is it is mostly done by the bad officers or cops who are likely to use powers over others or one who wants to suppress others on behalf of powers. It is also a justified argument that police work does attract those individuals who are fond of use of powers and to threat others. Researchers develop basically 5 unique types of officers, which are: â€Å"personality disorders, previous traumatic job-related experience, young inexperience and macho officers, officers with personal problems and officers who are not perfect with their patrol styles† (Gerdes, 2004). Some examples like personal disrespect that is when officers are disrespected by anyone. The officers annoys and to please his ego he can do something which is a crime in front of law , also there is a situation of racial profiling, so the offic er is likely to charge crimes on individual of particular class or race wrongly which is counted as brutality (Dudley, 1991). On the other hand system and organization has its own impact, it is assumed or theorized that excessive powers’ use by some officers is being taught by the more higher or experienced officers to the younger ones. Some young police officers when enter the force comes in direct link with group of officers and experience a re-socialization process. Many officers think that their training is just a â€Å"

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Executive Compensation in the US is out of control. Salaries for most Essay

Executive Compensation in the US is out of control. Salaries for most CEOs are way too high in comparison to front line wage ear - Essay Example Analysis and Evaluation of the issues Survey on the salaries of the CEOs have shown that the discrepancy in the salary have been growing very rapidly. During the 1980s the remuneration of the top executives was almost 42 times of that of the hourly workers’ pay. This had increased to 85 times by the next decade. With the inception of the new millennium the salary differential raised up to 531 times the salary of the junior most executive in the corporation. The Congress has passed a law in the post financial crisis period that made it mandatory for the CEOs and the top executives to disclose their salaries (Smith 1). The compensation that the CEOs were in different forms like salary, perks, bonus, pension accrued over the years and stock options. This compensation ratio of the CEO to the average workers varied across sector. It has been observed that the difference was greatest in the corporations that provided financial services, followed by the companies that produced consum er products. The ratio was comparatively less in the materials, technology and healthcare sector respectively. According to the eminent management thinker Peter Drucker, this ratio should range between 25:1 and 20:1. However the opinion that Drucker posited till as late as 2005, is not followed in the employment market in the United States or any of the multinational corporations that operate in different parts of the world. This kind of differences has led to a growth in the inequality in the distribution of income. While the growth of the wages of the top 1% of the executives have been 361 percent the wages of the employees that belong to the lower hierarchies have grown only by 34 percent over a period of almost three decades. This has a direct effect on the amount of revenue that the US government has collected from the top executives in form of taxes. As a result the income gap of the households has also increased (Mishel 4). Various issues relating to this have also come up in this regard. Only those households which had a top executive of a company as their family member had incomes that were extremely high. This was especially true for the executives who worked in the financial sector. Another surprising fact was that the rate is which the stock markets have grown over the years was less than that of the growth of the salaries of the CEOs. Research has shown that the stock options that the CEOs are offered account for this discrepancy in the wages. Warren Buffet is another supporter of this view. He insisted that the pay the top executives do not justify the work that they perform. He also feels that the CEOs have selfish intensions when they formulate policies in the organization rather than thinking about the benefit of the investors and the health of the company (Buffet 16). According to him a CEO can fulfill his selfish needs by paying fewer dividends to the shareholders and steering the retained funds into projects that may not turn out to be frui tful. Reactions I support the opinion expressed by the authors discussed above and the results of the various studied that have been conducted on this issue. The US financial crisis that had made a lot of families bankrupt was caused due to the extreme greed of the top executives. This greed had forced them to get into deals that were either very vulnerable or

Monday, January 27, 2020

Gordons Functional Health Patterns Framework Nursing Essay

Gordons Functional Health Patterns Framework Nursing Essay Frameworks are used to accurately gage a patients health. They are a systematic way of collecting objective and subjective data to establish a plan of care for the patient. Health care professionals must continually observe the patients subjective and objective data in order to recognise any changes in the patients health so that they can act upon them to achieve the best possible outcome for the patients wellbeing. Gordons functional health patterns framework was developed by Marjorie Gordon. It provides a sequence of recurring behaviour from eleven different aspects (Luxford, 2012). These include; health perception and management pattern, nutritional-metabolic pattern, elimination pattern, activity-exercise pattern, sleep-rest pattern, cognitive-perceptual pattern, self-perception/self-concept pattern, role-relationship pattern, sexuality-reproductive pattern, coping/stress-tolerance pattern and value/belief pattern (Gordon, as cited in Luxford, 2012, pp. 225-226). The patients health is believed to be influenced by biological, developmental, cultural, social and spiritual factors. Because Gordons functional health patterns framework considers each of these factors, it will provide health care professionals utilising it with a comprehensive assessment of the patients health (Fulton Baird, 2010). Dorothea Orem (as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48) developed a nursing framework based on three related concepts. self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems. Self-care theory consists of four concepts. The first of these concepts are self-care, which refers to those activities the patient should perform without assistance that promotes wellbeing, for example, intake of air, food and water, elimination process, balance between activity and rest, balance between solitude and social interaction, hazard prevention and promotion of normality within social groups. The second concept is self-care agency, which refers to the patients ability to carry out self-care activities and whether or not they require assistance. The third concept is self-care requisites, which refers to the actions taken to provide self-care. Finally, therapeutic self-care demand, which refers to all the activities required to meet existing self-care requisites (Orem, as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48). Self-care deficit comes into play when self-care agency is not able to meet the self-care demand. This means that if the patient is unable to perform any activity of daily living they will not meet the requirements that are essential for them to survive, hence, a health care professional must assist them. The self-care deficit indicates that nursing is required to assist the patient and suggests five different nursing systems that can be used depending on the patients ability (Orem, as cited in Broadbent, 2012, pp. 47-48). Health care professionals should provide care that is considerate of and reactive to unique patient preferences, needs and values. They must ensure that patient values guide all clinical decisions (Krumholz, 2010). To successfully achieve this, when conducting a health assessment it is imperative that health care professionals make professional, ethical and legal considerations. Health care professionals must be mindful of the patients comfort and not assume that they are aware of what the health care professional is doing nor assume that the patient is consensual. Kerridge, Lowe Stewart (2009) stipulate that upholding the patients right to autonomy is relevant to a health care professional legally, ethically and professionally. It means that before each procedure the health care professional must ask the patient if they consent to the having the procedure performed on them. The patient can give consent by verbal, written or implied communication. The patients right to autonomy must be respected at all times (Kerridge et al., 2009). It is the patients legal right to choose what happens to them, even if the patient refuses to have lifesaving medication or procedures performed on them that results in their further ill health or even death (Eburn, 2010). For both professional and ethical reasons health care professionals must adhere to a code of conduct at all times. Due to the patients probable vulnerability, health care professionals have a specific duty to conform to extremely high ethical standards both in their professional and private lives (Johnstone, 2012). Saunders (2012) explains that health care professionals must only perform duties that dwell within their scope of practice. If they do not adhere to this policy they would be failing to uphold ethical standards and also breaking the law. This could lead to the health care professional losing their job and or legal action being taken against them. In order for the health care professionals to maintain professionalism and uphold ethical and legal standards they must consider their scope of practice before performing any duties (Saunders, 2012).There are ethical considerations that health care professionals must be mindful of when documenting a patients information. For insta nce, to be conscious of who will be reading the notes, use official abbreviations and clear language, be specific, objective and protect privacy at all times. Breeching professional, ethical or legal responsibilities could lead to ramifications that are detrimental to the health care professionals career, health care institutions reputation and patients health (Jeffries, Johnson, Nicholls Lad, 2012). Gordons functional health patterns framework is a common and excellent way to build a picture of the patients health (Newfield, Hinz, Scott-Tilley, Sridaromont Maramba, 2007). It can be utilised for patients of all ages and in all areas of health speciality. Health is dynamic and ever changing and Gordons functional health patterns framework caters for this. Unlike other frameworks, Gordons uncovers patterns of both function and dysfunction (Gordon, as cited in Luxford, 2012). It considers the patients health from eleven specific aspects providing a broad range of information for health care providers to notice emerging patterns. The titles of the patterns are self-explanatory hence, they are easy to use (Newfield et al., 2007). These eleven categories provide a systematic and standardized approach to data collection and enable the health care professional to determine many aspects of health. Though it has few weaknesses, like most other frameworks, the data collected for Gordons fu nctional health patterns framework is based on much subjective data. This means that some data collected can be manipulated by the patient in order to depict an inaccurate assessment of the patients health. For this reason is must be used alongside the objective data such as the patients vital signs and physical examination in order to ensure an accurate health assessment. While Orems self-care framework appears to be a useful resource for health care professionals to use, Gordons functional health patterns framework proves to have strengths that far outweigh its weaknesses. One can understand why it is so commonly used within health care institutions.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Death of a Salesman- Act 2 Essay

Q1. Why is Willy’s mood upbeat at the start of Act Two? What does he expect to happen? Ans: Willy’s mood is upbeat at the start of Act two because he felt that his family and everything was finally coming together. Before, Biff decided that he was going to meet Oliver and join into the business field. Willy finally felt revealed because Happy came up with an idea for Biff and Happy to start a business together. He expected that Bill Oliver would recognize Biff and give him a job with Biff asking for at least fifteen thousand. This made him over excited because he felt that the family would be happier and Biff would get the success that he wants. Q2. Why does Willy tell Howard about Dave Singleman? Describe the dramatic effect when Howard listens to the voices of his family while Willy tries o talk business. Why does Howard tell Willy to drop off his samples and forbid him to go to Boston? Why is this such a blow to Willy? Ans: Dave Singleman was a great salesman who made his living without leaving his house until the age of eighty-four. He was a very popular and well known man who was greatly missed when he died. Willy told Howard about Dave because he wants to prove to him that Willy can also be a successful salesman while staying at home too. He also wants to show him how there was gratitude and respect for one another back then, and how everything changed in this generation for the worse. When Willy was trying to speak about business, Howard kept listening to the voices of his family. Willy was trying to also listen and patiently wait until Howard was done, but soon felt irritated after a while when Howard would not pay attention to him. This set a bad mood for Willy as he was waiting for the chance to talk to Howard. Howard tells Willy to drop off his samples and forbids him to go to Boston because he feels that Willy needs to take a break. After listening to Willy’s emotional break out, he was sure that he wanted to send Willy home until he was able to gain control over himself and his life. He felt that Willy wouldn’t be able to do his job right anymore and make the business suffer if he continues. This is such a blow to Willy because now he doesn’t have a job. Just for a small request to stay home and work, Willy suffered by overall losing his job. Now he would have the problem to make money for his family and pay for their bills, etc. Q3. What is Willy’s philosophy? How does Biff as a football hero embody his father’s dreams? Why does Charley say Willy hasn’t grown up? Ans: Willy believed to become successful you needed to be physically attractive and fit. He felt that playing sports and being popular, and revolving everything around the personal appearance would lead anyone to easy success and well performance. Willy used to dedicate himself to Biff when he used to play football. He allowed Biff to do anything as long as he succeeded in football and tried to become the best. This would fulfill his dreams of his children being physically fit and stable and being able to have the strength and determination to succeed. Charley says that Willy hasn’t grown up because Willy still seems to have a stubborn attitude where he always wants to be superior compared to everyone else. Willy made himself believe that he was always better than everyone, even if it wasn’t true. Charley felt that Willy hasn’t seen the reality of life yet and still chooses to live in his illusions. Q4. What is Willy’s impression of Bernard when he sees him in his father’s office? Why does Willy exaggerate Biff’s importance? Why does Bernard ask what happened after the game at Ebbets Field? Ans: Willy was shocked to see Bernard at his father’s office. When they started talking, Willy seemed to feel a little jealous of Bernard as he was going to Washington and staying with some friends who were rich. When he hears about Bernard’s plans and success, he starts to exaggerate about Biff’s importance. He does this because he cannot stand the fact that Bernard is more successful than Biff, and therefore tries to make Biff sound superior compared to everyone else. Bernard asks what happens after the game at Ebbets Field because he notices that Biff’s life changed completely afterwards and nothing good ever happened after that time. He noticed that there was a change in Biff’s attitude and the he could tell that Biff gave up on life, and he wanted to know what had caused all this. -Q5. Why won’t Willy work for Charley? Why is Willy able to ask Charley for money? How is Charley’s view of what a salesman needs different from Willy’s view? Ans: For many years, Willy has made himself feel like he is better than most people, and has had this superior complex. He tries to compare himself to Charley and finds excuses and ways to say that he is better than him, even though he knows that Charley is more successful in life which makes him jealous of Charley. Therefore, Willy refuses to work for Charley because that would just be another way of saying that Charley is more successful than him. Willy is able to ask Charley for money because he knows that Charley is his only friend he has, and will be the only one who will actually lend him money. Charley’s view of what a salesman needs is different from Willy’s view because Charley feels that -Q6. In the restaurant, how does Happy reflect Willy’s values? Why does Miller have the girls come in? Ans: Miller had the girls come in so we could see how arrogant Biff and Happy are as they leave the restaurant leaving Willy all by himself and go with those girls. This shows us how much they cared for their father at the time and how irresponsible they were. Q7. How does Biff’s realization that his life is a lie underline the theme of the play? Why does Biff take Bill Oliver’s fountain pen? Why can’t he tell his father what happened with Bill Oliver? Why do Biff and Happy leave Willy at the restaurant? Ans: After meeting Bill Oliver and realizing that he didn’t even remember him, Biff finally understands that his life in business is just a joke and that it was a waste of time to continue. This underlines the theme of the play as it shows how he saw his life the way he wanted to and was in his own illusions and dreams for fifteen years until he met reality. Biff realizes now that success doesn’t come easily, and that he should do what he wants in life. Biff takes Bill Oliver’s fountain pens while a rush of anger and confusion is going through his mind. Because Oliver didn’t even recognize Biff, he had an urge to just go into his office and just take what he could to satisfy and calm himself. Biff cannot tell his father what happened with Bill Oliver because he doesn’t want to disappoint him. He knows that his decision to meet Bill made Willy extremely happy, and he was ashamed as Bill Oliver wasn’t even able to give him a job, yet recognize him. And even when he had tried to tell Willy any bad news, Willy would jump to conclusions and wouldn’t give him the proper chance or time to let Biff explain himself. Happy and Biff leave Willy at the restaurant because they didn’t want to discuss what had happened that day. They left with a couple of girls for some fun leaving Willy alone because Happy wanted Biff to feel better and take his mind off all his problems. Q8. Why did Biff go to Boston? What does he discover when he see the Woman? Why is it that Biff never went to summer school? Why can’t he believe his father? Ans: Biff flunked math and didn’t get enough credits to graduate. Therefore he came to Boston to meet his dad and ask him to talk to his teachers to give him some points. He thought that Willy would be able to talk to them in â€Å"his way† and could be able to get enough points to make Biff pass. When Biff sees the Women, he discovers that his father is a fake and was doing something completely wrong. He also sees that Willy had given his mothers stockings to the woman. Biff never went to summer school after that incident because he was completely shocked and let down by his father. He wasn’t in the position anymore to take summer school classes as the situation left him into a state of depression. He couldn’t believe his father because he never thought that he would actually turn on his mother and do this to her and their family. This left Biff in a state of confusion and shock where he wasn’t able to forgive his father. Q9. Why does Linda tell the boys, â€Å"Get out of here, both of you, and don’t come back!†? Ans: Linda yells at the boys because she is disappointed and furious with them. When she found out that they had left Willy all by himself at the restaurant, she was very angry and didn’t want to see or speak to either of them. She was also disappointed because she just started to think that things in their family were going to go back to normal and everyone was going to be happy, and after the incident, she was disappointed that there were still more issues to take care of. She feels that the boys don’t respect their father, and care more about the women they went off with. She also feels like her sons are just tormenting Willy and using him for financial backup, shelter, etc. but are not giving him the support, love and respect he needs and deserves. Q10. Why does Willy keep planting seeds when they’ve never grown before? Why does Willy think Biff will be impressed with his funeral? Why does Ben say that Biff will call Willy a fool? Ans: Willy keeps planting seeds because he wants his family to have something left to remember him by after he passes away. He knows that he hasn’t succeeded much in life and wasn’t able to give him family much and therefore he wants to leave something behind for them. They could use the plants to use or sell them, and they will have a nice garden in their house. Willy thinks that Biff will be impressed with his funeral because he feels that many people from different states all over the country will come to visit him at his funeral. He wants to show Biff that he is well known and cared for by others. Ben says that Biff will call Willy a fool because he knows that Willy is not well known, and that no one will show up at his funeral, and Biff will know that his father was a coward and end up hating him. Q11. Why doesn’t Willy want to see Linda? Why does he think Biff is spiting him? Why does Biff show him the rubber hose? Why does Biff confront Willy and Happy? Ans: Willy doesn’t want to see Linda because he is ashamed of himself. Everyone knows about Biff’s failure to get a business job with Bill Oliver, and Willy feels that it is his fault why this had happened. Therefore, he feels ashamed to show his face to Linda. He feels that Biff is spiting him because he feels that Biff is blaming all his failure on Willy. He doesn’t seem to care about the family and tells them to forget that he is alive, and that he would just send them a cheque if he could. Biff shows Willy the rubber hose because he wants Willy to know that the entire family knows what is going on and what he has been up to. Biff wants to show Willy that they are all worried about him and let him know what kind of pressure he is putting the whole family under but trying to commit suicide. Q12. What does Biff do that elates Willy? How does Happy try to attract Willy’s attention? How does Ben influence Willy at this point? Ans: Biff starts to cry for his father which seems to elate him. After stating what kind of life Biff was in before coming home, he broke into tears for Willy to help him get rid of his childish dreams before something happens. He wanted to stop imagining his future, and actually start something that he could do. Happy tries to attract Willy’s attention by telling them that he was going to chance, get married soon, and his the department he was working for. Ben influences Willy at this point by showing him how Biff would be better off with Willy’s insurance money as it would be more than what Willy is making now. He states that â€Å"the jungle is dark but full of diamonds.† He tells Willy that Biff can succeed in life, but just needs a starting push. This influences Willy to commit suicide so that his family could get his insurance money. Requiem:- Q1. What is a requiem? What is the purpose of the final act? To what extent is it successful? Ans: A requiem is a celebration for the commemoration of the dead. It is usually a funeral service or a memorial service. The purpose of the final act was for the Loman’s to figure out what they should do with their lives. Biff and Happy wanted to finally get a hold of their goals and start something in their life. This all could have made the family happier and successful. Even though the family had planned to try to become successful in business, it didn’t work out. Biff finally decided what he wanted to do in his life, which was to be outdoors. This upset Willy, which therefore led the family into a different situation. The final act ended in a disrupt manner as Willy committed suicide to help his family with their financial problems, and help Biff and Happy to start their careers and lives. Q2. Charley says: â€Å"No man only needs a little salary.† To what is he referring? What else does a man need? Ans: When Charley says that â€Å"no man only needs a little salary†, he is trying to say that just the minimum money earned will never be enough for any man. Men always want more than what they have for their own satification and to have more for their happiness. A man also needs the due respect they deserve. A man wants the best for their family, and wants to see their families excelling and to be superior to others. Q3. Explain the irony of Linda’s last speech. Ans: In Linda’s last speech she questions Willy and asks why he had to leave them. She doesn’t understand why Willy had chosen to make that decision and still feels like waiting for him to come back. She tells Willy that she isn’t able to cry for him. This doesn’t mean that she doesn’t care about him and isn’t able to show her emotions, but she is in such a confused state, that she doesn’t even know what to do.

Friday, January 10, 2020

International Trade Theory Essay

7 theories of international trade: 1. Mercantilism 2. Absolute Advantage 3. Comparative Advantage 4. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 5. Product Life-Cycle Theory 6. New Trade Theory 7. The Theory of National Competitive Advantage 1. Mercantilism -emerged in England in the mid-16th century. The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country’s best interests more than it imported. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. To achieve this, imports were limited by tariffs and quotas, while exports were subsidized. The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a zero-sum game. Zero-sum Game- is one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another. 2. Absolute Advantage  -In his 1776 landmark book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. He argued that countries differ in their ability to produce goods efficiently. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. He added that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries. Smith demonstrates that, by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. 3. Comparative Advantage -In his 1817 book Principles of Political Economy, David Ricardo of Comparative Advantage Theory said that it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods that it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself. The basic message of this theory is that potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted trade. It suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on the trade and that trade is a positive-sum game in which all countries that participate realize economic gains. Three of the assumptions in the comparative advantage model: 1. Resources move freely from the production of one good to another within a country. 2. There are constant returns to scale.  3. Trade does not change a country’s stock of resources or the efficiency with which those resources are utilized. The Samuelson Critique- looks at what happens when a rich country -the United States- enters into a free trade agreement with a poor country -China- that rapidly improves its productivity after the introduction of a free trade regime. 4. Heckscher- Ohlin Theory -Swedish economists Eli Heckscher (1919) and Bertil Ohlin (1933) put forward a different explanation of comparative advantage. They argued that comparative advantage arises from the differences in national factor endowments. Factor endowments meant the extent to which a country is endowed with such resources as land, labor, and capital. Nations have varying factor endowments, and these explain differences in factor costs; specifically, the more abundant a factor, the lower its cost. This theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. This also argues that free is beneficial. But unlike Ricardo’s theory, this theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. The Leontief Paradox- a famous study published in 1953 by Nobel Prize winner Wassily Leontief. The result of the study was at variance with the predictions of the Heckscher- Ohlin Theory. 5. The Product Life-Cycle Theory -this was originally proposed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s. This theory tells us that where a new product was introduced is important. This theory suggests that early in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed. As a new product becomes widely accepted internationally, production starts in other countries. As a result, the theory suggests, the product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation. 6. New Trade Theory -this was developed by economist Paul Krugman in 1980s who pointed out that the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. Economies of scale are unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output. They are a major source cost reductions in many industries. Two important points of the New Trade Theory: ïÆ'Ëœ First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. ïÆ'Ëœ Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises. Another theme of the New Trade Theory is that the pattern of trade we observe in the world economy may be the result of economies of scale and first mover advantages. The theory suggests that a country may predominate in the export of a good simply because it was lucky enough to have one or more firms among the first to produce that good. 7. The Theory of National Competitive Advantage: Porter’s Diamond -this was developed by Michael Porter in 1990. For him, the essential task was to  explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry. Four attributes that constitute the Porter’s Diamond: ïÆ'Ëœ Factor Endowments- a nation’s position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. ïÆ'Ëœ Demand Conditions- the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service. ïÆ'Ëœ Relating and supporting industries-the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. ïÆ'Ëœ Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry- the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry. Porter argues that firms are more likely to succeed in industries where the diamond is most favorable. He also argues that the diamond is a mutually reinforcing system. The effect of one attribute is contingent on the state of others. IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS The theories discussed have at least three main implications for international businesses: ïÆ'Ëœ Location Implications ïÆ'Ëœ First-mover Implications ïÆ'Ëœ Policy Implications